Type of databases


How the database is classified into different type?

Database are classified into different types according to the “organizational” approach .This means there are different ways to store the data. Here are the different type of a database:

Types of Database
  • Flat file based data model,
  • Hierarchical data model.
  • Network data model.

Flat file data model:
  • In this database model data are stored in numerous files.
  • Files are not linked ,so data might be repeated in more than one file.
  • Main problem with this database model is redundancy.
  • This model was not widely used.

Hierarchical database model:
  • This database model was created to overcome the problem creted by the file based data model.
                                         fig: Hierarchical database model
In this model the series of databases are grouped together to assemble a family tree.in this family each box in the tree represent one database in this tree the top database is called the parent database.the database below the database are called the child database. In this model one parent can have many children but a child can have only one parent .the child database all connected to parent database via link called pointer

  • The main problem with this database is searching a data is extremely dificult.
  • Search a particular data in this database need more time .
  • This model was failed.

Network database model:
  • Designed to reduce the problem caused by the hierarchical data model .
  • Allow more links between the child databases.
  • Created not only to reduce the chance of redundant data ,but it also makes seaching for data much easier.
As shown in the figure below network model a child database can have more than one parent.

                                       fig: Network database model
Problem with this data model :
  • Only database expert can use this database successfully.
  • Very difficult for the general publich to use network databases for real life application.
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What is GRID computing?

We all know that oracle 10g supports GRID computing. But here we will gather some infromation about GRID computing.Before getting the architechture we will see the basic meaning of GRID computing.
Meaning of grid computing:
Gride computing is nothing but using the resources of a many separate computers connected by a network to solve large-scale computataion problems.
Here we will see how the grid computing is used in oralce 10g.
Orale 10g:
  • The main idea of grid computing is to provide redundancy and scalablity.
  • Grid computing is similar to RAID concept .
  • This reduces the cost associated with hardware and software.
  • With the use of grid computing we can achieve reliablity and scalablity.
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Why do we need oracle 10g?


Reasons for using oracle 10g database:
  • Oracle10g has various component for managing the database,
  • It has many tools for database for database backup & recovery.
  • It also supports data werehousing.
Singnificant features of oracle10g:
  Database performance and scalablity:
  • In a database ,performance dependes upon the usage of database by application server.
  • We can achieve the better performance using “Real application clusters”.
  • It allows more server to access the database effectively.
  Manageablity:
  • managing a database is a main problem with the database design.but in oracle 10g we can easily manage the problem with the help of features like Enhancements in oracle enterprise manager and etc.
 Security:
  • Oracle 10g supports multi users to access the data. So security is the significant role of oracle .
  • It store data in a encrypted mannner.
  • Tools to manage user authentication.
  Availablity:
  • it facilitates the database user to make the data available at any time .
  • Uses tools for backup and recovery.
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What is Oracle ?

What is Oracle ?
Before we get to know the answer for this question we will see the answer of some basic question:

what is a database?
Database is nothing but a collection of a data.
Example :in olden days all offices use paper to maintain the details and store them into a file this is known as a database .
Here now we will see the answer of our first question
what is Oracle?
Oracle is a computer based database created to store large amount of data in a computer system.
  • In this database we can store different type of data like text ,number ,video and etc.
I hope you get the general idea from this definition
Oracle 10g
  • its comes with the feature of RAC and grid.
  • 149 new features
  • it include HTML database ,datapump and finaly it will support PHP.
Internal operation of Oracle 10g Database
oracle is made up of a set of proecesses running on the operating system to manage the data storage and retrieval in the database.
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The history of Oracle

 I hope you all are very excited to see the  evolution of  most widely used database here we will see some short notes of origin and its growth: 

In 1997
  • Larry Ellison ,Bob miner and ED Oates started a company Soft Development Laboratories(SDL) .
In 1979
  • The name of the company Soft Development Laboratories(SDL) was change to Relataion software Inc(RSI) .
  • RSI introduce their databse product. Oracle v2.
  • This version supports simple SQL operation alone.
In 1983
  • Relataion software Inc(RSI).renamed to Oracle Corporation.
  • Released many version of oracle database.
In 1999
  • various new features to support internet application. And they launch   Oracle 8i.
    Here i- refers to internet.
1n 2001
  • Oracle 9i was released with 400 new feature over oracle 8i.
  • Introduces the concept called Oracle RAC(i,e)”Real Aplication Clusters” which creates a computer cluster database.
Oracle 10g
  • The g stands for “grid
  • To support “grid computing” as an extension of clustering.
  • New features in data warehousing.
  • Recently Oracle11g for the Linux operating system .
Now Oracle is not only No1 in database but also in Enterprise resource planning application .
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Top Tips for SQL Server2008

How to check that SQL Server 2008 has installed correctly
Here are a short number of post-installation checks which are useful to perform after re-booting your new SQL Server. You don’t have to run these, and there are other ways to check, but they are very useful for non-DBAs to be sure that the installation is basically sound and a connection can be made to the new SQL Server before handing it over to someone else.
Check 1: Has the SQL Server Service Started?
Check SQL Server 2008 has started.

Check 2: Does Management Studio Work?
Check Management Studio works by firing it up.


Click on NO when you see this dialog box:


Check 3: Can you run a basic query against the new SQL Server?
Check SQL Server works by running a simple query from Management Studio:

Enter the query shown below and hit F5 to run it:

Check 4: Is SQL Server Agent Running?
Check SQL Server Agent is running for scheduled jobs. There should be a green arrow next to the SQL Server Agent database symbol (it’s small, you might have to look hard):

Check 5: Can SQL Server be seen from the Network?
Check that the new SQL Server can be seen from another SQL Server on the same domain by running isql –L (or osql –L):
If you can’t see the new SQL Server in this list, check that the SQL Server Browser service is started on the machine where you have just installed SQL Server.
Check 6: Has the TCP/IP network protocol library been enabled on the server?
If the browser service is started but you still cannot connect to the server, click on Start ->Programs -> SQL Server 2008 -> SQL Server Configuration Manager(on the server where SQL Server’s just been installed)

The SQL Server Configuration Manager window opens.
Click on the SQL Server Network Configurationnode and expand it.
In the example below, we have MSSQLSERVER (a base instance of SQL Server), and SQLEXPRESS showing as installed.
If in doubt, click on Protocols for MSSQLSERVER.

In the above screenshot, the TCP/IP network protocol library is disabled. We need to enable it in order that remote servers can talk to the newly installed SQL Server.
  • A word of explanation : In most installations, Named Pipes can be ignored, unless there is a requirement for it. In virtually all environments, VIA can also be ignored as this protocol requires a special network card. Shared memory is the “local” protocol that SQL Server uses when talking to a client application on the same server as itself, for example when SQL Server Management Studio connects to it. It is usually best to leave this enabled.
You will need the TCP/IP protocol enabled if you need to connect to your new SQL Server from a remote client or another server via TCP/IP, which is what most networks use.
If it shows as DISABLED (above), double click on the TCP/IP protocol line, and the following window will appear:

Ensure that Enabled is set to Yes, and click on OK.
The following warning will appear:

Click on OK, and you will be returned to the Configuration Manager window, where TCP/IP will now be shown as enabled:

Go back to the Services applet, and re-start the MSSQLSERVER service so that the TCP/IP protocol can be used to connect to your new SQL Server.
Then try to connect to it again from a remote machine.
If you have experienced problems with the previous connectivity tests, you should now be able to repeat at least some of them successfully.

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Installing SQL Server 2008

A Step by Step guide to installing SQL Server 2008 simply and successfully with no prior knowledge
Developers and system administrators will find this installation guide useful, as will seasoned DBAs. It will teach you the basics required for a typical, problem-free installation of SQL Server 2008, allowing you to add other components later if you wish.

Remember to install the .Net Framework 3.5
Before you start the installation, you’ll need to install the .Net 3.5 Framework. This comes pre-installed on Windows 2008 Server, but for earlier versions of Windows, you’ll need to install it first. This is a straightforward pre-requisite and is usually included as part of the SQL Server 2008 installation. However, if you don’t know how to do this, or for some reason you need to download it, check out the guide
Installing .Net Framework 3.5 for SQL Server 2008.
official link to download Sql Server2008 
Torrent link: SQL Server 2008
Once this Framework in installed you can commence the installation of SQL Server 2008.
STEP 1 : Copy the installation files
First off I’d recommend you copy the entire directory structure from the SQL Server 2008 installation disc to the C: drive of the machine you are going to install it on.
Although this means you need to grab a cup of coffee whilst it’s copying, this has three advantages:
  • It makes the installation process much faster than running it from CD/DVD once it gets started.
  • It allows you to easily add or remove components later, without having to hunt around for the CD/DVD.
  • If your media is damaged and a file won’t copy, you get to find out now, rather than halfway through the installation.
Here’s what my system looks like after the copy:
STEP 2 : Setup.exe Double click on the setup.exe file.
After a few seconds a dialog box appears:

This will disappear from the screen and then the main installation page appears:

STEP 3 : SQL Server Installation Center
Click on the Installation hyperlink on the left hand side of the screen:
STEP 4 : SQL Server Installation Center  Click on the “New Server stand-alone installation” link on the right side of the screen:
The following dialog appears on the screen whilst the install program prepares for installation:
After a minute or so (the timing will vary according to your system), the following screen appears:
 
STEP 5 (optional) :
If any checks have failed, click on the Show details button or “View detailed report link” to find out the cause, correct it, then click on the Re-run button to perform the checks again.
STEP 6 : Product key
If all checks have passed, click on the OK button. After a few moments, the option to select the edition and to enter the license key (or “product key”) will appear. Note that the product key box may already be populated, depending on which edition you have. Don’t enter the product key we’ve shown here, it won’t work on your system!:
STEP 7 : License TermsEnter the product key into the box, or choose the free edition if you’re evaluating SQL Server 2008, and click on the Next button:
Click in the “I accept the license terms” check box, then click on the Nextbutton again.
STEP 8 : Setup Support Files
The following screen appears; click on the Install button:
The following screen will appear whilst Windows Installer prepares itself for the installation. This will take a short while:
After 30 seconds or so the dialog appears again:

STEP 9 : Setup Support Rules
If all is well, the following screen appears:
Click on the Nextbutton again.
STEP 10 : Feature Selection
Select the features you want to install.
At a minimum, the following are useful (I’d argue essential), but what you need will depend on your needs:
Click on the Next button.
STEP 11 : Instance Configuration
After a short while the following screen appears:
For most installations, keep the default settings.
Click on the Nextbutton.
STEP 12 : Disk Space Requirements
This screen just tells you if you have sufficient disk space on the drive you’re installing to, and what’s going to be installed where.
Click on Next.
STEP 13 : Server Configuration
This step allows you to set up the service accounts that will be used to run SQL Server. If you have created Windows NT or Active Directory accounts for use with services, use these.
If not, then just to get the installation up and working, use the built-in Network Service account for all three services listed (this account does not require a password).
This allows SQL Server to start up after installation. However, it can be easily changed later to another account through the Services applet (Control Panel -> Administrator Tools -> Services):

In addition, remember to change the Startup Type to Automatic, for all three services. This automatically starts the SQL Server database engine, SQL Agent and SQL Browser services when the server is re-booted.
The first service runs the SQL Server database engines executable process. The other two services allow scheduled jobs to run after installation (and after a re-boot), and allow the SQL Server to be found by clients on the network.
Do not worry about changing the collation tab, unless there is a specific requirement for anything other than the default collation sequence. Finally, click on Next.
STEP 14 : Database Engine Configuration – Account Provision
This screen allows you to set up database engine security.

Change the Authentication Mode to Mixed Mode unless you are certainyou only need Windows-only authentication.
  • Many third party applications rely on SQL Server logins to operate correctly, so if you are setting up a server for a third party application, rather than one developed in-house, enabling Mixed Mode authentication is a good idea.
If you pick Mixed Mode security, you must also enter a password for the sysadmin account (sa).
Enter and confirm a secure password for the sa account and keep it somewhere safe. Do not give it to any one you do not want to have access to the SQL Server.
Note that you MUST also provide a Windows NT account on the local machine as a SQL Server administrator. If you do not want Windows system administrators to be able walk up to the box and login to SQL Server, create a new, local, dummy Windows user and add this account instead. Otherwise, add in the local administrator account, or your own Windows account on the domain in which the SQL Server will reside.
STEP 15 : Database Engine Configuration – Data Directories
Click on the Data Directoriestab.

Change the directories to specify which drives in your system will be used for the various types of database files.
Generally it’s advisable to put the User database directory and User log directory on separate physical drives for performance, but it will depend on how Windows has been configured and how many disk drives you have available.
If you are installing on a single drive laptop or desktop, then simply specify:
Data root directory C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server
User database directory C:\Data
User log directory C:\Logs
Temp DB directory C:\TempDB
Temp Log directory C:\TempDB
Backup directory C:\Backups
Do not click on the FILESTREAM tab unless you know you need to change these options, as it is not generally required for most installations, but can easily be changed by using sp_configure ‘filestream_access_level’, ”after SQL Server has been installed. Click on Next.
STEP 16 : Error Usage Reporting
This screen simply asks if you want to send error information to Microsoft and can safely be skipped if you do not want to share any information.

Click boxes if you want to help Microsoft help you.
Click on Nextagain…
STEP 16 : Installation Rules
This screen simply checks if there are any processes or other installations running which will stop the installation of SQL Server 2008.

Click on Next again – you’re almost ready to install:
STEP 17 : Ready to Install
This screen summarises what you are about to install and gives you a last chance to cancel or change anything that’s wrongly configured:

Check that what’s being installed is what you want and then click on Install when you’re sure you want to start the installation process:
Installation Progress
SQL Server 2008 will now install. How long it takes depends on the speed of your machine, what load it’s under, the installation media (CD is slower) and what you’ve chosen to install.

…More Installation Progress

… and Finally
Finally, the installation will complete:

…and the following dialog box will appear:

Click on OK, the machine will NOT reboot.
The following will appear:

…followed by:

Click on the Next button again…
STEP 18 : Installation Complete
The following screen appears:

It may be worth clicking on the installation log at the top of the screen to check everything’s gone as expected. Not that this is MUCH smaller than the usual SQL Server installation log files of old.
Finally, click on the Close button. The following dialog will appear:

Click on OK – your server will NOT re-boot at this point.
The dialog box will disappear and you will be returned to the Installation Center:

Click on the Close button (the “x”) in the top right of the screen.
Finally, manually reboot your machine to complete the SQL Server 2008 installation.
you may also like:
  1. Top Tips for SQL Server2008 


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HOW TO USE WAMP SERVER

In this section we will learn about the wamp server,
Before continue just have a quick recape of how to install wamp server from the below link
installing wamp server
1.How to start/stop/restart wamp sever
First click on wamp startup short cut which we have created during installation which is on your desktop then the wamp icon will appear on task bar looking like below image:-

Now give a left click on wamp icon you will be getting option as shown in below image:
If you want to want to start wamp click on Start All Services.
If you want to start close wamp server then click on Stop All Services.
If you want to restart then click on Restart All Services.
2.Localhost: This option simply open the webpage that is stored in the  home directory (which is “C:\wamp\www\index.php” by default).For viewing your localhost you click  wamp trayicon>>>> click on localhost, “or” open your web browser like IE,chorme,firefox and tyoe in address bar http://localhost
Here you will get the information regarding :
2.a.sever configuration
2.b.Tolls:two tools installed automatically along with wamp is phpmyadmin for operation realted to database,and phpinfo for giving info about php .
2.c.Yourproject: this section consist of all the project folder and files which you save in wwwdirectory of wamp . The location of wwwdirectory is C:\wamp\www if you installed wamp inside the c: drive as we shown in the installation wamp server.
  3.phpMyAdmin:
phpMyAdmin is an open source tool written in PHP intended to handle the administration of MYSQL with the use of a Web Browser . It can perform various tasks such as creating, modifying or deleting database,tables, fields,or rows ; executing SQL statements; or managing users and permissions.
   This option will launch phpmyadmin (which can also be
launched by going to http://localhost/phpmyadmin/ in your web browser.
phpMyAdmin is a tool to manage, query, select, and browse your MySQL
databases. It is php based and relatively simple to use 
4.www Directory – this will open the folder where your sites files are
stored. These are the files that are called when you go to localhost.

5.apache:
Apache is an Open Source WebServer. Apache is a module based web server, which means the functions or individual piece of code that allows the server to handle a certain kind of request or file in appropriate way.
      Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP server software in use. Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers of the Apache Software Foundation. The pre-release versions of the Apache web server software was created by Robert McCool
       Apache also supports virtual hosting, Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different actual websites. For example, one machine, with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve www.tech4urhelp.blogspot.com, www.example.com, forums.togotutor.com etc.
Apache also act as a front end to major application server like weblogic, jboss, websphere etc. You can server static pages using apache and dynamic content using application server. Which makes it really easy to maintani a website.

                This area has the configuration settings for Apache and will
       allow you to make configuration that you need to make to this service

6.PHP – This area has the configuration settings for PHP and will allow you to make configuration that you need to make to this service.
7.MySQL – This area has the configuration settings for MySQL and will  allow you to make configuration that you need to make to this service.

        By default the server is set up with an index.php file that will show you the services that are started for the service. This file will also show you the projects that have started on your server based on the folders that are within the www folder. You do not have to keep this file if you do not wish to. You can delete it and make your own index.php that will be shown whenever you access localhost. There are many configurations that can be made to this server setup. Explore them and have fun. I hope this tutorial was easy to follow and thanks for reading.

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HOW TO INSTALL WAMP (WINDOWS,APACHE,MYSQL AND PHP)

What is WAMP?


WampServer is a Windows web development environment. It allows you to create web applications with Apache, PHP and the MySQL database. It also comes with PHPMyAdmin to easily manage your databases. WampServer is an open source project, free to use (GPL licence).
This can be useful for a number of reasons:
  1. You don’t have your own web hosting to test with
  2. You want to test a website before you put it online
  3. You want to start a website that helps you organize your life, for example, but you don’t always have access to the internet
In this guide, you’ll learn how to set up Apache, MySQL, and PHP on your computer. This will be the base for your website and will create an environment for you to develop in.
step for installing wamp:-
  1. You can download WAMP for free from WAMP server website or you can directly click here to go to that page
  2. Double click on the installer
  3. Assuming you haven’t installed WAMP before, click Yes
  4. Click Next
  5. Accept the agreement and click Next



  6. I recommend installing in c:\wamp. Click Next


  7. Choose your shortcut icon preferences and click Next


  8. Click Install



  9. WAMP will now install


  10. If you have installed firebox then it will ask you to select it as a default broser



  11. Leave the default settings unless you have a need to change them and click Next



  12. Click Finish and launch WAMP Server




  13. WAMP will launch. Wait for the WAMP icon to turn white in the notification area



  14. Click on wamp icon then select localhost or you just open any browser and type http://localhost
Related Article

If this blog is helpful for you then dont forget to give comment sorry for grammatical error and also if you face any problem during installation then put your problem as a comment because your problem is owr problem.